These valleys and the adjacent Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley are arid and hot, with a dry-cold climate and a mean annual precipitation of 500 to 800 mm and an annual average temperature of 18℃ to 22℃ ( García-Mendoza et al., 2004), and are especially rich in endemic plant species with very restricted distributions ( Dávila et al., 1993 García-Mendoza et al., 2004 Sosa & De-Nova, 2012). The Valles Centrales, a region in the heart of the state of Oaxaca, is a unique geographical and cultural region consisting of several interconnected valleys surrounded by large rivers and high mountain ranges. Within these complex mountain systems, the state of Oaxaca is located in a rather unique biogeographical position with high diversity of endemic vascular plants (8.3% of the vascular flora of Oaxaca and 21% of the vascular flora of Mexico García-Mendoza, Ordóñez, & Briones-Salas, 2004). The Mexican highlands with a complex biogeographical, climatic, and geological history encompass one of the 25 world biodiversity hotspots ( Mittermeier et al., 2005 Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000). The findings verified the profound effects of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on this endemic mistletoe species, and the low genetic diversity within populations highlights, paradoxically, the urgency of preserving vulnerable populations of endemic yet parasitic mistletoes. auriculatus is consistent with a model of range contraction during glacial cycles and expansion during interglacials with no major range changes under future scenarios of climate change. ![]() We conclude that the genetic differentiation of P. A significant genetic signal of differentiation, demographic stability, and contraction of suitable habitat during the Last Glacial Maximum predicted by ENMs strongly supported a scenario of habitat fragmentation during the Late Pleistocene. Our results revealed two groups corresponding to the distribution of individuals/populations from the northern locations (western valleys), and those from southern localities at central valleys of Oaxaca. To test for the alternative hypotheses of Pleistocene glacial refugia, we used sequences of two chloroplast markers to examine the phylogeographic patterns of the endemic mistletoe species Psittacanthus auriculatus (Loranthaceae) across its known range in Oaxaca and conducted ecological niche modeling (ENM) to explore changes of its distribution range through present, future, and palaeo periods. ![]() The isolation of xeric valleys surrounded by complex mountain ranges in Oaxaca supplies an excellent opportunity to investigate the influence of the Pleistocene events on xeric species. Good luck, you'll probably do just fine if youve made it to graduation and don't slack off on studying.The state of Oaxaca is positioned in a rather unique biogeographical position with the highest diversity of vascular plants in Mexico. Don't ride on the coattails of your didactic year performance, keep studying, but don't freak out. The PANCE is to evaluate your broad knowledge that you should have gained while in your program. The worst thing you could do other than not study, is to show up with high anxiety and no confidence. There are MANY ways that people approach studying for the PANCE.choose the best for you and don't freak out. ![]() Time between grad and PANCE: ~1wk, first available test date (I used them to guide my focus on areas of the blueprint I was weak on) PACKRAT x 2 provided by PA program after didactic and again after clinical year. The test questions in it were great though!) Comprehensive Review PANCE/PANRE (the green and white book.I didnt use it much, great book, I just like the tables and diagrams in William's book better.
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